The role of civil society in resisting foreign occupation “The French campaign as a model" (Available in English) - (Disponible en Français)

In the context of the British-French conflict in Europe, a French campaign came in the late eighteenth century AD, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, to occupy Egypt, with the aim of cutting the road between Britain and its colonies in India, and forming a French empire in the East with Egypt as its base.
Egyptian popular forces have played a significant part in challenging the French campaign since they arrived in Egypt, and the people of Alexandria faced it valiantly, while the people of Cairo launched two big revolutions that inflicted enormous casualties on the campaign.
When the campaign moved to other Egyptian regions, whether in northern or southern Egypt, all sects and classes of Egyptian society reacted to it, including merchants, notables, craftsmen, sheikhs, students, men and women, as well as fishermen and Arab nomads. And as a result of the valiant resistance of the Egyptian popular forces, (which are non-governmental groups and sects that we might refer to as the civil society), it forced the French campaign to flee Egypt after only three years, which is considered a short period of occupation.
In this study, we will discuss the conceptual framework of civil society, the Egyptian character and its most important elements, as well as pictures of the resistance to the French campaign in Alexandria, Cairo, and the Egyptian regions to the north and south.
      The study aims to highlight the heroic role of the simple, defenseless Egyptians who opposed the French campaign and forced it to withdraw despite its use of the most advanced weapons of the time.